An Introduction to Entomology: Vol. 1 or Elements of the Natural History of the Insects — Edition Insights

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In Category - Insects
Kirby, William, 1759-1850, Spence, William, 1783-1860 Project Gutenberg 2013 Not confirmed
Insects; Insect pests; Insect societies; Insects -- History; Beneficial insects; Insects -- Host plants; Insects -- Life cycles; Insects -- Habitations Readers of public-domain and historical texts
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Edition facts

Words 159,679
Reading time 695 min
Text sections 20

This digital edition of An Introduction to Entomology: Vol. 1 or Elements of the Natural History of the Insects — Edition Insights is described by source-level measurements including 159,679 words, 11 hr 35 min estimated reading time, and 20 detected text sections.

The text analysis averages about 29.5 words per sentence, while the detected sections provide another way to judge how the source is divided.

Project Gutenberg metadata also associates the work with “Insects,” connecting these edition facts with the source record’s subject description.

This 1828 fifth edition of Kirby and Spence's entomological classic defends insect study against ridicule, examines insect-bird food chains, and details the practical uses of insects in fishing and agriculture, based on the authors' own observations and correspondence.
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inné denominates _Acarus Lactis_. The great author last mentioned describes an insect, a native of America, under the name of _Pediculus Ricinoides_, which, upon the authority of Rolander, he informs us, gets into the feet of people as they walk, sucks their blood, oviposits[117] in them, and so occasions very dangerous ulcers. It would be an Acarus, he observes, but it has only six legs. Now Hermann affirms, that some species of _Trombidium_ (a genus separated by Fabricius from _Acarus_) have in no state more than six legs[118]. Others of the tribe of _Acarina_, and the insect in question amongst the rest, may be similarly circumstanced; or those that Rolander examined might have been larvæ, which in this tribe are usually hexapods.

Linné appears to have been of opinion that many contagious diseases are caused by mites[119]. How far he was justified in this opinion I shall not here inquire; facts alone can decide the question, and observations made by men acquainted with Entomology as well as the science of diseases. Considerable deference and attention, however, are certainly due to the sentiments of so great a naturalist, in whom these necessary qualifications were united in no common degree. With respect to the dysentery and the itch, he affirms that this had been manifested to his eyes. You will wish probably to know the arguments that may be adduced in confirmation of this opinion; I will therefore endeavour to satisfy you as well as I am able. The following history given by Linné seems to prove the dysentery connected with these animals.

Rolander, a student in Entomology, while he resided in the house of the illustrious Swede, was attacked by the disease in question, which quickly gave way to the usual remedies. Eight days after, it returned again, and was as before soon removed. A third time, at the end of the same period, he was seized with it. All the while he had been living like the rest of the family, who had nevertheless escaped. This, of course, occasioned no little inquiry into the cause of what had happened. Linné, aware that Bartholinus had attributed the dysentery to _insects_, which he professed to have seen, recommended it to his pupil to examine his feces. Rolander, following this advice, discovered in them innumerable animalcules, which upon a close examination proved to be mites. It was next a question how he alone came to be singled out by them; and thus he accounts for it. It was his habit not to drink at his meals; but in the night, growing thirsty, he often sipped some liquid out of a vessel made of juniper wood. Inspecting this very narrowly, he observed, in the chinks between the ribs, a white line, which, when viewed under a lens, he found to consist of innumerable mites, precisely the same with those that he had voided. Various experiments were tried with them, and a preparation of rhubarb was found to destroy them most effectually. He afterwards discovered them in vessels containing acids, and often under the bung of casks[120]. In the instance here recorded, the dysentery, or diarrhœa, was evidently produced by a species of mite, which Linné hence called _Acarus Dysenteriæ_; but it would be going too far, I apprehend, to assert that they are invariably the cause of that disease.

Kirby and Spence open their preface by confronting the ridicule that, in early nineteenth-century England, still attached to the study of insects. They contrast the entomologist, dismissed as “futile and childish,” with the botanist or mineralogist, who by then commanded respect. This defensive posture shapes the entire volume: the authors are determined to prove that insects matter—to agriculture, to the arts, and to the economy of nature. The dedication to Sir Joseph Banks signals their ambition to link natural science with practical affairs. The excerpts show a work that moves between broad apologetics and minute observations, such as the description of the bee-cuckoo guiding Hottentots to wild bees’ nests, or the calculation of the economic cost of extirpating crows in Virginia.

Defending a Ridiculed Science

The preface makes plain that the authors wrote partly to rehabilitate entomology’s reputation. They note that “the idea of the trifling nature of his pursuit is so strongly associated with that of the diminutive size of its objects, that an entomologist is synonymous with every thing futile and childish.” This is not a generic complaint: it is a specific social diagnosis, tied to the fact that other sciences had already won fashionable acceptance. The authors argue that the very smallness of insects makes their study a test of intellectual seriousness. They do not, in the excerpts, claim to have changed public opinion; they simply state the obstacle. The tone is measured, even wry, but the underlying purpose is clear: to persuade the reader that insects deserve the same attention as plants or minerals.

Insects as Food for Birds: A Delicate Balance

One of the most detailed passages in the excerpts concerns the role of insects in bird diets. The authors list species—kestril, shrike, rook, ani, oriole, purple grackle—and describe how each depends on insects. They recount a striking anecdote: when New England farmers offered a bounty for purple grackles, the birds were nearly extirpated, and “insects increased to such a degree as to cause a total loss of the herbage.” The farmers had to import hay from Pennsylvania and even Great Britain. This example is used to argue that insects’ “powers of multiplication” were given precisely to feed birds. The authors do not moralize, but the economic logic is plain: destroying insect-eating birds backfires. The passage is built on specific testimonies—a friend’s dissection of a kestril, Kalm’s report on the little crow—showing the authors’ reliance on correspondence and travel literature.

Practical Entomology: Angling and Silk Gut

The excerpts also reveal a strong practical bent. The authors advise anglers to learn entomology well enough to distinguish species of Phryganea and other Trichoptera, and to know their emergence times. They then explain that the “Indian grass or gut” used for fishing lines is actually the dried silk vessel of the silkworm—or, according to Latreille, the silk reservoir itself. This kind of technical detail, drawn from both personal knowledge and foreign sources, is typical of the volume’s method. The authors are not content to describe insects in isolation; they constantly connect them to human crafts and industries. The passage on fishing gut is brief but precise, and it illustrates how the book aims to be useful to practitioners—farmers, anglers, and naturalists alike—not merely to armchair scholars.

Readers approaching this first volume should expect a work that is part apology, part natural history, and part practical manual. The authors’ voice is learned but not dry, and they frequently break into anecdote or economic calculation. The catalog subjects—insect societies, beneficial insects, host plants—are all present in the excerpts, but the book’s actual texture is more argumentative and applied than those labels suggest. Pay attention to the footnotes and the named correspondents: they reveal a network of observers across continents. The volume is best read as a period piece that shows how natural history was made respectable by linking it to agriculture, commerce, and sport.

That old Kirby and Spence book made me feel like bugs were little neighbors, not curiosities. It lingered because it showed how quietly they weave into everything—even our fishing lines. I stumbled on Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, Volume 2 — Key Ideas to Explore the other day, and it carries that same gentle patience, all drawn by hand, like letters from another century.

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